(00:00:00) Here I am to speak about this book called witnesses to the Holocaust and oral history to try to speak about all the other things that you're mailing promised you information on (00:00:13) how anti-semitism. Either is increasing worldwide or (00:00:18) us you can be a cynic and say no it's not increasing. It was always there. It's just surfacing again. It's becoming more visible people feel more comfortable about letting it show and I'm (00:00:30) also supposed to speak about is another Holocaust coming and thirdly could you (00:00:36) survive and if I have a few minutes, I'd also like to talk about how to (00:00:39) get published and what happens when you do and about how nerdy Publishers are one of the finest most informative books. I have read recently as a book called Shah of Shaw's by R is our Capuchin ski who was a Polish journalist who covered the fall of the Shah of Iran and this hundred and forty-nine Page book, which is like a series of snapshots that lays (00:01:03) the Arab character bear for you and explains a great deal about what's happening in the Middle East and (00:01:09) why was published by (00:01:10) Harcourt brace jovanovich five years ago six years (00:01:14) ago came out in paper. I I (00:01:16) think from vintage books (00:01:19) and dead no copies anywhere. Now any smart businessman would (00:01:25) have reissued that book last fall with a big publicity (00:01:29) campaign and had a best-seller on their hands but book (00:01:32) publishers don't work that way. So here I am with my book that is published by a textbook publisher GK Hall of Boston, which is a division of MacMillan and one of the nice things about textbook Publishers is the books do stay around for a long time. It's had a number of classroom adoptions around the country and hopefully we'll have more this fall (00:01:55) regarding anti-Semitism and where is it? And is it (00:01:59) increasing? Well, it's (00:02:01) been interesting to notice. For example that in the Middle East Everybody Talks incessantly about getting Iraq out of Kuwait and nobody seems to have said yeah, this war is about getting Iraq out of Kuwait. (00:02:16) Why (00:02:16) was Iraq dropping missiles on Israel? What does that have to do with it? Shouldn't we tell a rack that they should stop doing that too, but that hasn't seemed to have come up. I have a son who's working in Ogden, (00:02:32) Utah (00:02:34) and there been a lot of letters to the editor in the paper recently that he's been sending me letters that you know, these old anti-semitic canards (00:02:42) like the Jews control the communications media. Well good Heavens if the (00:02:46) Jews control the communications media, I'm sure we wouldn't see so many anti-semitic things (00:02:52) broadcast and in print and then somebody wrote a letter and said well the Jews are all rich, why don't they buy that land in Israel instead of stealing it from the Palestinians? Well, the fact of the matter, of course is that early Jewish settlers in the early part of this Century who went from Europe to Israel did buy that land they bought those swamps and drain them they bought that farm land from the Arab owners. (00:03:16) But you know these things do get in print and X number (00:03:20) of people believe them and sometimes you get so tired of fighting it of telling people truths. They won't believe of trying to set the record straight that you think why do I bother for example (00:03:34) twice on (00:03:36) the radio last Tuesday (00:03:38) at noon and at 9 p.m. There was a broadcast of a lecture that a (00:03:43) given a week earlier at st. John's University in Collegeville by Ralph (00:03:47) Schoneman who's the former executive director of the Bertrand Russell peace foundation and there were so many anti-semitic things in this speech and you wondered there's an endowed chair of Jewish studies (00:03:59) at st. John's University. Why (00:04:03) didn't the person who fills that chair at least say, how about equal time? Why was this man invited to speak knowing that he would say X Things that are not accurate he said for example, Amnesty International has condemned Israel for torturing Palestinians. This is not (00:04:24) true. Amnesty International is not very fond of Israel because among other things Israel is the only country in the Middle East that lets amnesty come in and inspect its prison camps and see how they are treating their prisoners in prison camps and in jails and (00:04:45) in jail, very often things aren't all that great. But amnesty has not (00:04:52) accused Israel of specifically torturing prisoners and hopefully never will because I don't think the Israelis are doing that to the Palestinians. (00:05:06) There there's so much other anti-Semitism around I was the Tribune ran a wonderful full color map of the Middle East right after the war started and somehow it was a full page. They'd picked up a map from the early 1960s before the 1967 war which showed Israel as a little tiny strip that didn't even include Jerusalem and I (00:05:33) immediately called Lou gelfand and and loop rented a correction the next day that this is not a current map of Israel. I was interviewing a woman whose last name is Hanson, which just happened to have been changed by immigration officials to Generations back from something Russian that sounded like Onyx and (00:05:52) and she said, you know when your name is Hanson people sure say a lot of (00:05:55) anti-Semitic things to you because they think you're one of them and they don't realize that you could be Jewish. I (00:06:04) Our I was just down to Mexico (00:06:07) twice within about three hours people from Vancouver said to me. (00:06:11) Oh, you should buy something from that salesman. I really Jude him down on the price without realizing how (00:06:16) offensive the use of that word is to somebody who could be Jewish. I used to have a neighbor. I quote fairly often one day. She'd grown up in Grafton North Dakota and she'd never known anybody Jewish (00:06:29) and one day. She said to me she wrote a I've never known anybody Jewish before and you're just like everybody else and she thought this was a compliment and I've often wondered (00:06:41) now it's it's about 30 years that this has been in my mind and I wondered I didn't have the courage to ask at the time. (00:06:48) Gee, what did you think? I'd be (00:06:50) like (00:06:53) I'll never know. Maybe I'm just oversensitive of course because I grew (00:06:57) up in Minneapolis which carry McWilliams in 1948 writing in the magazine Common Ground referred to as the anti-Semitism capital of the United States and I live on a street where one of my neighbors likes to talk about how when he bought his building lot in 1958 some of the neighbors got together and tried to raise enough money to buy his life back from him because they didn't want to Jew living on Park Lane and there are quite a few of us living there now and then I know a young man who used to date one of my (00:07:30) daughters and he come over on Sunday sometimes and he'd say, you know having been at mass in the morning with his parents and he'd say, well the Jews killed Christ again this morning and so we know that these things are out there we hear about soccer fans in Australia yelling get the yids (00:07:50) we hear about Klein's cut on a school bus and a Jewish school bus (00:07:54) and Madison (00:07:56) we hear about a Moscow new survey showing that 27 percent of the people surveyed believed that Jews choose money over doing what's right and 8.8% say that the Jews killed Christ and this is in the Soviet Union where religion has been pretty much out of style for the last 70 some years friend of mine was just telling me (00:08:18) about friend of hers who was in Washington DC on the way to a meeting and she was taking a cab up the Washington Mall to her meeting and the cab driver was putting out all pointing out all the historic buildings as they went by and he gestured to one under construction. He said oh and that one's going to be the new Holocaust Museum when should know it's right next to the treasury. And so these these thoughts these ideas seem to be alive in people's minds waiting for (00:08:48) for something to trigger them or as a German fellow named Adolf Hitler once said, I believe that by defending myself against the Jew I am fighting (00:08:59) for the work of the (00:08:59) Lord regarding the factual history of anti-Semitism. (00:09:05) I'm not going to go on and (00:09:07) on about it. I'll recommend a book by Hal Lindsey Lindsey wrote a book called the late great planet Earth about 10-12 years ago, which sold some 16 million copies worldwide and more recently. He's had a book published called the road to (00:09:22) Holocaust which I (00:09:24) question his his description of something he calls Dominion theology that he says is going to lead us to another Holocaust but he does do a very good job of detailing three consecutive anti-semitic movements in Western history first the missionaries of Christianity said you have no right to live among us as Jews then by the third and fourth centuries secular rulers proclaimed. You have no right to live among us and then the Nazis degreed you have no right to live early Christian profits and followers had recognized the Jews as a chosen people that God had made a covenant with the Jews in Genesis 12:3. We read I will bless those who bless you and the one who curses you. I will curse (00:10:16) then in the 4th Century two things happened (00:10:20) Augustine a church father and teacher decided that by rejecting Jesus as Messiah. The Jews had forfeited their chosen status, so they should be shunned and looked on as inferior and Emperor Augustine legalize this Prejudice by restricting Jews freedoms calling them a nefarious and perverse sect. Forbidding intermarriage then came Emperor Justinian with his celebrated legal code that kept Jews out of professions made them wear special clothing including very funny hats and put them into ghettos to live. So Jews were now officially and visibly objects of contempt and (00:11:01) it was a short step (00:11:02) to blaming the Jews for everything that went wrong after all they were christ-killers cursed by God Augustine and Justinian had said so moving right along we get to the Crusades and the 11th 12th and 13th centuries. When those military Expeditions went out to recapture Jerusalem from the infidels the Christian holy land they'd been listening to priest blamed use for the crucifixion and for everything else and so along the way each crusade in its turn massacred Jews as they came to Jewish. (00:11:40) Entities, but as I (00:11:42) said for the details, you can read Lindsay's book or other texts that you might find (00:11:49) anti-Semitism is so Insidious (00:11:52) as Sam Bank alter who was one of the survivors of the Holocaust who's in my book witnesses to the Holocaust (00:11:59) says, I don't think there's a country in the (00:12:02) world that can offer as much Freedom as this country can offer but (00:12:07) when I sit on a plane, I see 65% (00:12:10) of the people will pick up the sports page of the newspaper. They don't care what's on the front page and this is where the danger lies. All you need is the economy to turn a little sour and have one person give out. The propaganda was 65% of the population the propaganda works and then the other 35 percent is powerless to do anything about (00:12:32) it or Fred Baron who's another Survivor who was in the book. Fred says until about 15 years ago. (00:12:40) I even avoided talking to my children about the Holocaust but lately I've felt an absolute need to pass the experiences I had on to the next Generation. We must learn from the mistakes that were made must be aware of how low a people can sink in Austria with its long history of anti-Semitism. It didn't take much for German propaganda to take (00:13:02) effect (00:13:04) and the professor's testified German resistance heroin Gisela konopka professor emeritus at the University who was also a heroine of the German resistance. Gisela says people still try to understand why what happened in Germany could happen in a country that had produced Schiller and good and Beethoven there was terrible inflation and enormously high unemployment and it's wonderful to have someone to blame then if the LIE is big enough and you make good propaganda most people accepted and Oh gee Professor Arthur Johnson also of the University. He's a liberator. He's in the book and it's interesting. He sit down with somebody like our Johnson who was an American Soldier fighting in World War II (00:13:52) came across was one of (00:13:53) the first soldiers into book and walled and even now when our talks about what he saw as he went into buchenwald he begins to cry and art says the Paradox of Germany with its cultural achievements. It's Nobel Prize winners how thin the veneer of civilization is how quickly even we could slip into that type of horror (00:14:20) and a few last words of wisdom from Hindu (00:14:22) keyboard who is a Survivor who's in witnesses to the Holocaust. She incidentally is originally from Riga Latvia and very concerned about what's happening in the Soviet Union right now. (00:14:36) Hinda said we have to (00:14:37) Keep (00:14:37) talking about the Holocaust. So the next generation won't grow up not (00:14:42) knowing how a human being can turn into a beast not knowing the danger in keeping quiet. When you see something Brewing the onlooker the bystander is it much at fault as the perpetrator because he lets it happen. (00:14:58) So when you see something anti-semitic happen or anything wrong (00:15:03) get up and say this is (00:15:05) wrong and I protest send (00:15:07) a letter to the newspaper saying this should not happen in my community and sign your name then maybe somebody else will be brave enough to come forward and say that he or she protests too. (00:15:21) And so if we do have a holocaust who might survive and why and how (00:15:28) well to be a Survivor one thing we've learned from interviewing survivors (00:15:34) is in studying them is that You had to be young almost all the (00:15:41) survivors were in this 15 or 16 to 25 or 30 year age group there are exceptions. But if you were a small child you want immediately to the gas Chambers or you were killed in some other way. If you were say gray-haired like me 60s, you also went immediately to the gas Chambers or were killed because you were not going to be useful as a slave laborer other things. It also helped, of course to be physically fit to be strong enough to survive the malnutrition the filth the bacteria the diseases that epidemics of typhus. So on it also helped if you were blind you did not fit the definition of what a Jew was supposed to look like. There are people in the book like Sabina simmering Mark Mandel Rose, Meyerhoff who were able To pass as Christians get false identity papers Mark Mandel is a 12 year old boy was sneaking in and out of the Warsaw Ghetto selling things on the black market managed to pass as a non-jew rose. Meyerhoff was in a Catholic convent school all through the war it also helped to have money or jewelry people in the book survive because they had hidden money David iger's mother had hidden her jewelry in the heels of her shoes. So it was there to bribe a guard when the moment came when it was necessary to do. So in order to survive. You also had to be able to think quickly have a good sense of direction. I have sometimes facetiously said I would not have survived because I have a terrible sense of direction I can get lost in a phone booth and if I had had to run He quickly to hide I probably would have run the wrong way. It also helped to be very lucky. For example, if you lived in Poland three million out of three and a half million polish Jews died in the Holocaust if you lived in Denmark, the Danes evacuated (00:17:58) 7,000 Jews to (00:18:00) Sweden almost overnight when they're German conquerors that okay. It's time to round up the Danish Jews. And so out of those seven and a half thousand Jews in Denmark only about (00:18:14) 475 (00:18:16) died, which is about 15% You also had to not be number 10 of the guards were playing a game counting off every tenth man on roll call and just shooting them for the fun of it. You also had to not look healthier appealing enough when they were looking for people to use in medical experiments. So a lot of times it was just luck. Henry fryer tells a story about how his brother and his brother's friend Drew straws to see who would go to Palestine and who would go back to Warsaw to fight for Freedom. Well, the one who went to Palestine of course is an agronomist living in Israel today in the one who went back to Warsaw died in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. (00:19:00) Then of course you had to have a sense of (00:19:01) realism everybody who did Escape tends to say they were on the last boat or The Last Ship, but I will say that my I often say I come to the Holocaust secondhand. My husband was born in Germany and was lucky enough to spend the War years in England and then come here after the war to rejoin his father who had escaped and then if Anne Frank were alive she and I would be the same age. And so these are my tenuous real connections to the Holocaust aside from the scholarship and the (00:19:36) book. But my husband's father didn't leave Berlin until 1940 which was the war started in Europe Germany attacked Poland on September 1st. 1939. (00:19:53) And there was Egan Lewin (00:19:56) leaving leaving Berlin finally by train across (00:20:00) Russia down through Korea Japan by boat to Japan and to the Panama Canal Zone and then to the United (00:20:08) States in 1940. And and of course my husband's grandmother who (00:20:14) cherished the (00:20:16) iron cross that had been (00:20:17) awarded to her son Fritz after he was killed in World War One fighting of course for Germany. The metal said be Eternal gratitude of the Fatherland is yours. Well Risha, loo and couldn't bring herself to leave Berlin her home her her. The place she lived all her life and at the age of 60, she was locked in a box car and sent to theresienstadt and then died on the way to Auschwitz. Also it helped to have useful skills to survive. If you were a carpenter. If you were a mechanic, if you could do something that the people in the concentration camps for the labor camps, the people running them needed in the way of useful work. They had a reason for keeping you alive and most of all it was determination Dora. Zidan Weber defines this forest or is one of the most eloquent spokespeople. We have as a holocaust Survivor, her interview is in the book and one of the things one of the questions she's often asked for example is why didn't the Jews resist and she uses what she refers to as the airplane analogy. (00:21:35) I mean visualize it you are sitting on an airplane. Fine and all of a sudden two men with machine guns jump up at the front of the (00:21:42) plane and they say, okay. This is a (00:21:45) hijacking. Who among (00:21:47) you is going to try to jump those men with the guns, you know, if you make one move you are dead. And so what you're (00:21:58) going to do then is sit in your (00:22:00) seat. Do what they say and your mind is going to be saying maybe the pilot will come out of the cockpit and jump them from behind and then we'll be saved or your mind is going to be saying well, maybe we'll all be lucky in survive or at least maybe I'll survive and so you sit there (00:22:18) and you don't fight back because to fight back is hopeless and Dora also talks about (00:22:28) resistance. Therefore is not just what you do with your hands or with a (00:22:34) weapon. She says survival was a minute-by-minute active (00:22:38) resistance resisting the despair where you were ready to give up because you couldn't go on any longer living from day. A day in those extermination camps that was an act of resistance every (00:22:52) minute. So now a (00:22:54) few brief words about oral history since this is the Press Club (00:23:00) doing oral history is doing journalism with a tape recorder her Barbara (00:23:05) tuchman described oral history ones as she said, we're collecting a vast mass of trash with a few veins of gold. But the reason you do it is because you get those (00:23:17) veins of gold (00:23:20) Studs Terkel, for example, just one the Hugh Hefner award for his distinguished lifetime as a writer as a journalist as a radio host and as an oral historian (00:23:38) and I like to refer to oral history as history (00:23:43) as if people mattered this History that gives us the details of what happened in the words of people who lived it. It doesn't matter whether you're studying immigrant history, whether you're studying women's history, which is so popular. Now whether you're studying popular culture folk lore, whatever (00:24:11) if you know, if you're (00:24:13) involved in a news event and you read the account of it in the newspaper or you hear it on the radio you realize that these reports are not complete. There's the constraint of space in the newspaper the constraint of time on the radio or television. And (00:24:31) so when you (00:24:32) collect and sometimes they aren't accurate because they haven't had a chance to interview everybody. They aren't complete and so when you collect oral history you get a lot more detail proof that things happen things like the Cost happened there are so many thousands of oral histories and video histories collected now. It is impossible for these people to have any Credence when they say that the Holocaust didn't (00:24:58) really happen and particularly. I think (00:25:03) when we get people like radar Dittman who is one of the people in the book the (00:25:08) book witnesses to the Holocaust has 44 survivors and 14 American liberators. And then there are two what we call Righteous Gentiles polish Catholic women who saved the lives (00:25:24) of their friends. They still live in Warsaw and I was fortunate enough to be able to interview them when they were here in Minneapolis several years ago visiting the friends whose lives they had saved. One of the survivors is a Norwegian (00:25:38) Lutheran who was a member of the resistance and was captured and spent You and 1/2 years in buchenwald concentration camp radar Dittman is (00:25:52) an art history professor at st. Olaf (00:25:54) College and he perhaps because he's an art historian and an (00:26:04) artist he pains word pictures when he talks and I (00:26:09) will read you his description of one event that happened in (00:26:15) buchenwald (00:26:16) when he was imprisoned there. He says everything you did in Camp you did through responding to the public address system one morning. We were informed that roll (00:26:28) call was delayed. (00:26:29) We could hear the grinding of trucks. The Mobil gas chambers that were waiting and we knew that the night before some (00:26:36) 10,000 Jews had arrived from Hungary. (00:26:40) We were hovering out in front of our barracks and we heard the shuffling of wooden (00:26:44) shoes against the gravel. And the lower part of the camp the sound came closer and closer and in the greyness of this November morning. We saw masses of people shuffling toward the roll call area. (00:26:59) They were all males. (00:27:00) There were some so old they couldn't walk by themselves, but had to be supported by younger individuals (00:27:07) and there were some so young. They hadn't yet learned to walk (00:27:11) and they were carried in the arms of their fathers their uncle's their grandfather's they were all walking toward Annihilation. And on this particular day the smoke poured forth so voluminously from the Crematory chimney, the daylight didn't break through. (00:27:33) And so there you have it witnesses to the Holocaust and (00:27:37) oral history. It is designed to be a (00:27:41) textbook. It has an excellent teacher's guide in it by Carol wertshafter (00:27:47) who is with the Jewish community relations Council Anti-Defamation League in (00:27:51) Minneapolis. And while (00:27:53) Minnesota and The Dakotas one of her Specialties is Holocaust (00:27:58) Education. We it has an (00:28:02) afterword by Deborah lipstadt who's a noted historian. It has a forward by Professor David cooperman of the University of Minnesota on the quality of (00:28:11) memory. (00:28:13) We have a glossary (00:28:15) an index some photographs. The book is now in its second printing it's been (00:28:21) nominated for two national Jewish book Awards this year. It's available at bookstores. (00:28:29) So I think that's about time to (00:28:32) close. Oh, that's that's an interesting question. (00:28:41) The reason of course that Husain is aiming (00:28:45) scuds that Israel is well one reason is that our arms Merchants have helped Supply him with the (00:28:54) know-how. But of (00:28:56) course the underlying issue is the Palestinian question. We have to go back to 1948 when Britain and the other great power is partitioned Palestine and created is the state of Israel and the Arabs the Arab countries (00:29:18) attacked and one of the things they told they broadcast and leaflet a to (00:29:25) the Arabs who were in (00:29:27) what was now Israel, they told them that run (00:29:33) and then when we've destroyed the Jews push them into the sea so on then you can go back and occupy the entire (00:29:39) territory. Well now the Arabs who stayed there are Arabs who are citizens of (00:29:44) Israel. There are Arab (00:29:45) members elected to the Israeli knesset the parliament, (00:29:49) but there is as you well know the Palestinian issue in the so-called occupied territories. Should there be a (00:29:56) Palestinian Homeland (00:29:59) and there are X number of (00:30:01) terrorist organizations out there like the Palestine Liberation Organization and it is it is as trendy, I guess to for Arab (00:30:15) countries to attack Israel (00:30:18) as a matter. Of course just as it is for all of us to think and say things that can be construed as anti-semitic even when we don't Think about them or mean them. I think that's a matter for negotiation. The reason for occupying the goal line, of (00:30:38) course was because that was a prime base for a lobbying shells into Israel into Israeli farming settlements in the northern part of (00:30:50) Israel. And it was just you know, you've got this enemy out there and you're going to try to put them out of commission and the the negotiations continue because Israel is well to begin with you know, as oral as my former neighbor said Jews are just like everybody else. Some of us are our (00:31:14) we often disagree on our approach to issues and on our decisions and on (00:31:20) our wishes and opinions, but the underwriting principle is right now that Israel does not. one of the things that Israel brings to the bargaining table is the need for guarantees of secure (00:31:42) borders and of Israel's right to (00:31:45) exist in and for (00:31:47) safe existence in exchange for those territories, you have to (00:31:54) realize that Israel has engaged in three Wars for its existence (00:32:00) since the state was created (00:32:03) and in all three of those instances the Arabs attacked first, and so (00:32:09) Israel acquire the occupied territories by Just Happening to (00:32:14) be better at fighting that (00:32:16) particular War (00:32:17) than there are of opponents were at that moment in time and Israel has not said we will not give up the territories Israel has said that this must be a negotiated (00:32:29) settlement where we will come out of it with some Guarantees two of our right to exist in our right to have secure and peaceful borders from here (00:32:39) on in. I think if nothing else one of the things that tells us how much conflict there is among the Arab countries aside from the current Iraq (00:32:51) Kuwait situation. The Iraqi Iran War that went on for eight years (00:32:56) is the fact that approximately 300 moderate Palestinian (00:33:03) leaders mayor's (00:33:06) activist citizens who have been moving toward or trying to move toward a peaceful settlement with Israel have been assassinated by their own people since the intifada began and this this is just of the kind of fact that makes you realize what a (00:33:32) tortured if you'll forgive the choice of words (00:33:35) situation is in the Middle East how how few (00:33:39) verities there are how Things there are that you can rely on (00:33:47) it to the Western mind at very seldom makes sense. I think some of the things that happen, you know, I really don't know to begin with I will (00:34:00) issue somewhat of a caveat my doctor. It is in American studies. I've done a great deal of immigrant history. I became a holocaust historian by virtue (00:34:11) of having been asked to (00:34:13) take on this fledgling project and turn it into a book (00:34:17) and so I come at it from that sort of background but we do have a number of National Jewish organizations who in the United States that date from the early part of this Century anti-Semitism as some of these people have suggested was particularly bad for example during the Russian it was bad Economic Times and it's nice to find a state a scapegoat somebody to blame for what's wrong. And so we don't so we have the Anti-Defamation League which is a National Organization with 32 offices around the country. We have the American Jewish committee and the American Jewish Congress (00:35:11) all of which all three of which are headquartered in New (00:35:13) York and they monitor they keep records they keep statistics and it is very clear that the number of anti-Semitic acts of vandalism of sex Cemetery desecrations of anti-Semitic (00:35:29) not see signs things like that being spray-painted on Jewish buildings. (00:35:35) So on things like the Thing that happened at Macalester (00:35:40) College a couple (00:35:42) of months back. These are decreasing increasing numerically. There were more anti-semitic acts recorded in the United States last year than there had been in previous (00:35:59) years. (00:36:01) And as I said, I don't think it's new. I think it is it was there and it is surfacing but that is is my my opinion. I think it's a feeling it's part of our you know, (00:36:18) American feeling that anything goes (00:36:20) you can say anything. You can be anything. You can do anything. I think we have some very serious problems in this country. As you know, we have growing unemployment. We have growing numbers of Street people. We have a drug problem. We have so many disadvantaged families. So many young people who can't find jobs who don't see a future who drop out of school who are really excited to join for example, something like the skinheads that gives them status that gives (00:36:57) them a role that gives them a support (00:36:59) group. There are a lot of reasons. I think just psychologically and and when you've had this heredity this, you know your your you've heard people that you grew up admiring. (00:37:13) Oh, well, the Jews have all the money or the Jews control (00:37:16) the media or the Jews killed Christ. I mean it was an article in US News and World Report last June. The reporter was in a small town in Poland called Sandow Marsh and there's a mural on the wall in the convent there a painting and a play and it's a mural of a couple of vicious-looking Semitic looking characters killing a couple of little babies and the plaque says that in 1698 and 1710 Wicked Jews killed Catholic babies to use their blood in their religious rituals. This is the blood libel that's been circulating since about the fourth Century. I mean, this is patently ridiculous, of course, (00:38:09) but there is this (00:38:10) painting on this wall in the convent And the reporter goes on to say And I said to the nun who was showing me the (00:38:15) painting those (00:38:17) things didn't really happen. And she said oh yes, but not anymore because there are no Jews left in Poland. And of course that too is untrue because there are several thousand identified Jews living in Poland, but that none still believes that Jews (00:38:38) kill Christian babies to (00:38:40) get their blood for religious rituals. And as I said, that is so patently ridiculous and impossible cleanliness among other (00:38:50) things as part of the Jewish tradition, if if you are an observant Jew you soak your chickens and your beef in salt water before you cook it and eat it to get all the residual (00:39:02) blood out of the meat. (00:39:05) We aren't even supposed to eat blood. We aren't supposed to eat rare roast beef in case you know with the blood in (00:39:12) it. But you know people believe these things because they hear them from people they can trust.