Well, 7% of Minnesota families have a mother at home a father at work and a boy and a girl in Minnesota 16% of families are what we now call traditional families. That's at least one child at home and a mother who said home and her father as part of the family 19% of Minnesota families at the current time are dual-career families, and that is his children in the home, but both the mother and father working. Now, I think another interesting thing is 90% of Minnesota families have a husband and a wife even though certainly we know about divorce and death ending marriages 90% of Minnesota families still have a mother and a father present his family members. The biggest changes from the date of 1900 I think fall into categories. First of all, we have many many more families now where there is a mother and a father but all the children have left the home and that's because we're living longer. So the the concept of that changes and family pattern and Longevity is a very very prevalent one. We're just living longer. So many of us are going to live with our husband or a wife alone and the children are going to be gone and that represent a sizable change from Winona, Minnesota in 1900. And if course II large change is that is the current time in the United States approximately and we certainly have been accurate data half of all mothers with children under 18 are working at jobs outside of the home. So that's certainly a significant change from 1911 from more recent history. And those are some of the changes I'd like to focus on there are many reasons for why women are working outside of the home. First of all families are having fewer children on the average a woman with two children who gets married at the average age and has children within the first few years of marriage and has 1.9 or 2.1 which might be those current number of children. We're having on the average a woman who does that and has her family at a relatively early age will be 34 when both of her children are in school full-time. So with smaller families women are experiencing a much longer. Of time when the children are in school full-time 34 265 certainly is at least 30 years in the workforce. And that's a considerable change over previous generations when we had larger families when Frequently the youngest child was a reasonable distance from the next youngest child and self-worth the most widely cited reason for women working outside of the home at the current time is of course, I can. I can sesame exactly what makes one economically necessitate of I'm not sure and we would all have individual definitions of that but that's the reason the most frequently cited reason why that women give for working outside of the home is a matter of fact, maybe from a psychological point of view. It's good to have that reason because women who work outside of the home for self betterment and enjoyment and because I really want to in terms of psychological in to see seem to experience more guilt and they're much more likely to fit into the pattern that we call Super Mom, which is every single thing will be exactly the way it was when I was at home full-time, even though now, I work 40 or 35 or 45 or however many hours a week. You will still have sandwiches with raisins. This is on them in a handmaid Halloween costume and everything will be exactly as it was before and so women who say they work because they want to are much less likely to solicit help from husband and children and say look we're in this together. Where is women who say I have to work? It's out of economic necessity are much more likely to be able to get help and look I'm doing this for all of us and we have to pitch in here and help. Getting back to the idea of of change rather than using the term crisis. I'd like to look at some of the psychological work dealing with changing roles in the American family. Now most of what you would really want to know. We don't know yet because the family patterns are changing and we don't have the data and data is changing and I'm quite sure much of what we said tonight will change with the next census, but fruit to the best of our knowledge up to the current date starting with women themselves a very interesting thing to me is here. We live in an age of Advanced Technologies. We have cuisinart's and if not that we certainly have blenders and mixers in electric vacuums and dishwashers in washing machines and dryers in the whole more readily available and yet in the last 40 years the amount of time women at home women who are at in the home have indicated they spent on housework has not changed. Its it used to be 40 years ago of a 53 hours a week and it remains about 53 hours a week. So something is happening for women in the home that however, they're spending their time. They're not experiencing spending less time on household chores. I think probably a big change that women frequently report to me is the time spent transporting 40 years ago the time spent transporting children and others from one place to another was LOL. That's a high fit women spend a lot of time in the car now. When women work what happens the amount of time women working women spend on household and child related activities decreases but not significantly if a woman goes back to work 40 hours a week on the average instead of 53 hours a week spent doing housework such women report spending somewhere between 35 and over 40 hours a week. That's a long week for somebody I think but it any event what's happening in the home is not that settling mom is back to work and nothing's getting done. It seems as if most working women are still doing many many hours of work in the home. There's almost no evidence at the current time. I keep looking for some but there's almost no evidence for change family pattern that we would call a Gala Terrian and in the gala Terry and family pattern would be one where all household responsibilities and all Home Maintenance and child groom responsibilities are divided somewhere roughly in half and not divided according to sex. So Mom would mow the lawn every other month, preferably in January equally divided in childcare would get equally divided. They're not too many men in the audience. But lest anyone be quaking in their boots thinking this is the wave of the future right now. That's just not a very emerging family pattern of a truly egalitarians household the family patterns that emerging with greater strength is what we call the neo traditional and that is a family pattern. We're essentially homemade mints and childcare responsibilities are still the mothers and she's the organizer of it. But other people the husband in the children give a little help and of course it depending upon the family the amount of that help varies, but on the average the mother is still responsible in again. I keep thinking well tomorrow's Journal will bring a new article on this in tomorrow's yesterday's Journal article that basically said the same thing so very recent data tended to report the same thing husbands are helping more but especially in the air in the area of childcare irrespective of the Professional level of the wife child care when the child is ill still essentially is a mother's responsibility. That seems to be the one thing that does not hardly ever get divided up. now to spite this even though women are working outside of the home and they're doing somewhat less housework, but not infinitely less housework working wives report on the average and this is on the average less anxiety less worried. They have fewer feelings of loneliness and worthlessness. And on the average have overall higher self-esteem then Weiser in the home. That doesn't mean to suggest by the way that women at home need not be happy on the average women working. Wives working mothers working on the average report less psychological distress in Greater psychological happiness one reason for that maybe the old theory of dissonance Misery. We come to love the things to which we suffer if I'm doing all this work and it it is something of a burden. I must really love what I'm doing. I suppose that's one explanation for it, but other explanations might be that Economic burdens May. In fact be Isola family worried about money may actually have fewer money worries and a very interesting statistic to me is that 70 75% of women at home feeling confident as Homemakers and is Housewives way fewer than 25% of women at work feeling confident in their work. So the idea that were all terrific at home and just float around the kitchen and everything is wonderful and marvelous are some women may be doing that but the majority of women feeling confident and what they do. So perhaps when you go out into the Working World in general women report feeling more confident, so I'll go some women do fall into patterns of role strain that is there. They're doing now instead of a few rolls at least one additional professional outside of the home the home roll rather than women reporting great strain and great unhappiness. If anything they're reporting quite the opposite. What are the effects on children of of working mother? I think research points out that the children of working mothers may be different. Then in some ways and the children of mothers who are at home. But I highlight the word different rather than better or worse because that doesn't seem to be what's happening there seem to be some evidence that if you're a kid and your mom works you help more with your expected to do more around the house. You're somewhat more independent. We know that the daughters of working mothers have in our jar gone higher need for achievement that is daughter of working mothers have higher career aspirations and desires for confidence. But those are differences that doesn't seem to me is something that's very clearly is good bad or indifferent. It's it's a difference if it doesn't seem to me better or worse. There is no evidence that the current time of an overall effect. On children of working mothers on school work or other intellectual abilities. It's not better and it's not worse. You neither get a higher IQ when your mother goes back to work nor does it drop significantly child-rearing practices make different may be different, but I think right now the conclusions are in clear. There's no clear evidence whatsoever of gray to delinquency drug abuse the other things we fear when Mother's not home. That doesn't mean the kids are better. But right now it doesn't look as if in terms of those kinds of social data that we like to collect to see well are there problems emerging those problems don't seem to be emerging more significantly for the children of working mothers and for the children of non-working mothers. So overall at this minute in history with incomplete evidence, certainly the conclusion that I would try as a psychologist is that there is no evidence or no clear evidence that maternal employment has negative effects on child emotional or intellectual development and certainly the attitude of mothers and other members of the family whether the mother is working or at home or or at home with seem to be very significant mother who's unhappy at home and a family that has a lot of tension and a mother who's unhappy at work. We might expect to see more similarities and those children, although I don't think we know enough yet to make any conclusions about that. Then the mother at home in the mother at work making that distinction. I think often people like to know about the effects on husbands and wives in terms of marital happiness of working outside of the home. Comparing the husbands of working wives with the husbands of non-working wives husbands overall. Do not differ significantly in their reported marital satisfaction. So your husband with your wife is working or not working on the average and it's only an average. There are not statistically significant differences in reports of marital happiness and overall the working mothers and non-working mothers. Have the same overall level of marital happiness. That's not a difference as a function at this current time of whether you work or whether you don't work the two groups of working mothers that seem to experience the greatest strain our mothers of preschoolers. And I think some of the reasons why they might experience great string would be clear it first of all guilt the demands of the child might be greater and also mothers with less than a high school education who are in the workforce and they're certainly we might look to the types of employment that they that they would have those groups of women on the average seem to experience some greater somewhat greater difficulty in terms of marital satisfaction overall adjustment. But other on the on the average of all women working and non-working marital satisfaction seems to be the same. So to put it simply the conclusion, I would draw as we as we think about well as this a change or is this a crisis? I think we're in a period of change and frankly, I think many of the changes. That we're beginning to see are going to be here to stay in a variety of ways. I think as we walk down the street in the next 10 years family structures in the different households might all be somewhat different. They might all be following different patterns some In some families and mother may be home in the father may be at work. We maybe we'll see some time a father at home in a mother at work. There's not too many families like that, but they're certainly maybe a few in the future and I think that would be more socially sanctioned. Both families may work. There's more evidence of people splitting jobs are trying to each work part-time and both contribute to children. So I think in the future what we're going to look at our family changes changes and family patterns families farming different constellations of whatever one's doing, but I think it would be an error for us to rush to the conclusion that this means a family is falling apart that the effects on the various family members and on the children in particular are going to be disastrous right now. We don't have evidence that points to that.