(00:00:00) You all know (00:00:02) and some Broadway even if you're not students of Jewish history of Jewish studies that the West has a long history of anti-judaism Judah phobia. Even before the rise of Christianity and Islam the Jewish people already had a long history some of it marked by significant (00:00:23) oppression. (00:00:26) The destruction and 721 by the Assyrians that led off the 10 tribes of the northern kingdom into exile. They disappeared that's what's called The Lost tribes of Israel, but they were not murdered. They were integrated assimilated. We have the persecution of 586 that destroyed the first temple built by King Solomon 400 years earlier, but the Jews were taken off the Babylonia not murdered. The Jews rose up against Rome twice and to Great revolts 66 to 70 and we defeated the second temple was destroyed. But the Romans did not destroy the Jewish people a hundred and thirty-two 235 and other Revolt led by a pseudo Messianic figure called by culpa again defeat, but not Murder By the Romans. On the Christendom has been the longest history of persecution and oppression. It is commonly said by people who make a very considerable error in this regard that the shell aw is nothing but another case of Christian anti-Semitism. That is false. And it's false for this reason. Christian anti-Semitism was a terrible (00:01:48) thing. (00:01:52) It's particular Terror was that it took the Jewish people outside of History turned them into Mythic creatures possessing all kinds of inhuman non-human diabolical qualities. Put them into the negative side of the most powerful tale ever told the New Testament story in which they could do nothing. But every year repeat and repeat their role as a DS Idol group. And At The Mention Of the DS idle action imputed to them unleashing programs and violence. And so for Millennia from the time of the Christian victory over the Roman Empire signaled by Constantine's conversion to Christianity and 350 (00:02:38) 325. (00:02:41) The church and the Roman State and then the medieval Christians, they conspired together to translate anti-judaism into practice to marginalize the Jew to die a belies the Jew picture him as the devil the Tells tales of the Jew as being unnatural that Jews had horns and Tails the Jewish men menstruated very weird things and it led to violence. Yes centuries of violence. However, what is complicating about it is this? the church though would preach this message of anti-judaism had its own moral and theological center. The church had its own limitations on what it was prepared to do. The canonical formulation of this came in Augustine the great Church Father who said the Jewish people vis-à-vis the church are like Cain and Abel the Jews are Cain who killed their brother the Christ but like Cain you remember in the Bible God says to that generation of Cain Thou shalt not murder came. He must wander the Earth the Jew becomes the wandering jew wash mayor has but he's not to be murdered. He's to be protected and ironically despite the Deep Judah phobia the Deep hatred of things Jewish the church hierarchy essentially for 1500 years from the time of the conversion of Constantine to the French Revolution in the west and further in the Eastern Europe where there was no Revolution. protect the Jewish lives from assimilate from annihilation I always put it to my students to consider when they tell me the simplistic notion that Auschwitz is merely another case of Christian anti-Semitism to ponder a simple fact that Jews survived 1500 years of Christian domination and grew under that regime. Jews almost did not survive four years of World War II something radically different was going on. And what was going on in this introduces a theme that I want to repeat and repeat tonight. Is that the victimizer in the case of Christianity while it had an ideologies that was hateful and created hatred also had limits built into that ideologies that restrained it from committing genocide. The church waited for the eschaton the end of time as Paul at prophesied in Romans 9 to 11 that in the end the Jews would be grafted back into the church. That the Fulfillment would be their salvation as well. That their conversion was necessary for bringing the inside the end of (00:05:37) time. (00:05:40) And therefore they should not be murdered must not be murdered must be protected. The same anti-judaism is dialectical it preaches hate but it also preaches limits. Now that's a striking thing about it. And I would put it to you. If you look closely at the historical record, you will find that in all the other cases of mass violence that one might want to look at one will find some kind of similar mediation. Let me just consider a few with you. That have been proposed in this study of comparative murder take for example some of the other crimes to begin of the medieval Church. Take an Infamous crime the crime against women which we know as the witch craze. Went on with a passion for about 300 years from about 1450 to 1700 Plus. Women were identified 90% of the witches will women as enemies of the state. As the Gateway of Satan has to tell Yuan Hao already called women great Church Father. Women were the undoing other. Especially in their sexuality they were threatening. Women were pictured as the Seducer like Eve men never seduce women women only seduce men. By Nature sexually insatiable. They undermine Christian social order and therefore they are (00:07:24) dangerous. (00:07:27) That is the fundamental massagin ISM of the medieval estate. Medieval Europe Shakespeare's famous praise only talks Of The Taming of the Shrew women need to be controlled by men. And it's that misogynistic view that leads to violence against women of all kinds culminating in the violence of the witch craze. however They are is they're always howevers. You have here mediation. The mediation is that the institution of the Christian World cannot survive without women and therefore creates like all societies various forms to buy might use the term domesticate women. First women are Daughters of hollers. Then the father passes them over to the husband who was to look after them literally to look after them to control them and in the course of being a father and a husband even if by accident you come to love your wife and daughter. It creates the institution of the nunnery for women who do not want to enter into marriage. It creates domestic service where women who are not married and not in the nunnery still are under the control of a master and so female sexuality sensuality temptation is controlled by various institutional forms. The image you get from a Disney film about witches is correct. Most witches were old women. The idea being that they were no longer under the control of men their husbands had died or they were spinsters. They were sexually desirous. They were not satisfied in normal ways. And therefore they slept with the devil and provided him with his armies of Destruction in the world. But only a very few fit that image. I asked them eight somewhere about 50 or 60 thousand women were murdered here. I think the exaggeration of million sometimes stated. It's clearly an error. Certainly, 50,000 or 60 or 70,000 is 50 or 60 or 70,000 too many on Justified. But what's interesting is that in a totality where you had 250 million or 300 million women 50,000 victims is not genocide or were that's been coined gyne side. You see again the same form of constraint the mediation of limit the same ideology that murders is also an ideology. That is not totalistic. If one looks at other cases and there are many we could go through this evening one would find the same thing. For example the case of black slavery a monstrous evil. Absolutely monstrous. most serious stain which continues to plague American culture in our (00:10:31) history (00:10:35) But there's something very interesting about black slavery is a phenomenon. (00:10:41) Structurally (00:10:43) when one talks about it in the context of genocide. Become a topical issue is you know, because Farrakhan tries to exploit this comparison and (00:10:52) discussion. (00:10:54) the fact is that's slavery and here I speak without any kind of sentimentality without any pollyannish attitude. Strictly as a descriptive fact was a mediated phenomenon for this reason. The entire Enterprise of slavery was based on a utilitarian calculation making money sorted simple direct making money. The Imperial power is needed to supply manpower to the new colonies the slaves that they had wanted to have the Native Americans died in alarming numbers. They needed some sort of Labor. There were not enough indentured labourers. So they turn to black slavery. One of the ironies is had blacks had Indian survived that would never have been black slavery in the New World. and so the institution grew and it fed itself into the economic structure of the new world that also indirectly was part of the world system provided a good deal of the cash needed by British and other capitalist countries that were emerging. But this consider the fact Millions die, but there's no point in the institution of slavery. If everyone dies. There's no point in the institution of slavery if you murder your slaves. There's no point in the institution of slavery. If you can't make a profit and therefore, what do you do you do everything you can both to reduce the (00:12:38) loss? (00:12:41) And also to breed slaves it's an ugly notion, but one needs to be confronted. Nothing could be more Contra Jenna Seidel than that phenomenon. Jefferson for example rights to his caretaker at Monticello. Not the Monticello. I passed coming up here to st. Cloud's another Monticello. That the caretaker should take a special concern with black slave women and children because the children bring more of a profit than does the tobacco and other (00:13:17) crops (00:13:18) that certainly not a romantic view. It's a harsh and ugly view of black slave children as chattel. But it is a view that is designed to encourage the reproduction of black slave (00:13:33) populations. (00:13:36) Encourage to increase the black population because it's a profit Center. And here an interesting fact, there were somewhere between four and five hundred thousand blacks imported into the United States in the years before abolition. And finally when the Declaration of Freedom was made by Lincoln 1860s. The United States had in excess of four million black people that 500,000 were already free men. About three hundred ninety three million nine hundred thousand or so more or less was still slaves. The fact was you had bread and increase the population approximately nine times now whatever else that is, that's not genocide. That's what we're talking about tonight the crime of genocide. in the gulag very complicated story Stalin murders Millions mostly peasants After all of the overwhelming majority of the Russian population are the peasants. He hates the peasants. He's paranoid about the peasants. But he doesn't kill the peasants because he's paranoid he kills the peasants because he wants to transform Russia into a modern industrial state. And the only way you can do that is by producing enough cash to buy Western technology, and he can only do that in his view by taking Agriculture and collectivizing it and sucking off the excess profits from which you will then buy things from the West. And exploiting the natural resources of the Soviet Union places north of the Arctic Circle in Colima in the far reaches of Eastern Soviet Union with no free labor would work and so he creates essentially the same thing the colonial powers of done. He creates a slave Empire the gulag of slavery. You don't murder your slaves and Stalin did not purposely murder the members of the gulag. Well that time we could talk about the Armenian tragedy other forms of violence and World War Two. But all of the cases would turn in some way all different, of course on the fact of a limited assault. A mediated assault where the ideologies justifies death and also limits the death that takes place. Now what about the show up? (00:16:16) What about the Shoah? (00:16:18) Why does this analysis not (00:16:21) fit? (00:16:23) How are we going to understand this alternative crime as I would describe it? What makes it an alternative crime? Now here I'd like to propose to you. A way of looking at the phenomenons generality. I begin. With the work of without doubt the greatest historian of the Holocaust A Man Named Ralph hilberg. Some of you may know his work is great book 1960-61 on the destruction of European jewry was an instant classic and he published the three-volume revised version of it a few years ago, which is a culmination of his whole life's labor. Hilberg was the expert some of you may have seen in a film called show up by Claude landsman that nine and a half hour Saga about the show. Ah. And hilberg is undoubtedly dominated the historiography the study of the Holocaust. And what he said is become a kind of truism everyone who studies it recognizes this fact, if I ask on the graduates, what makes the Holocaust the Holocaust right away people tell me it was technology. It was bureaucracy. And there is truth to that (00:17:47) great truth. (00:17:49) The show-off certainly is a technological form of murder. But I put it to you that the technology involved in the show off. Has to be properly understood it wasn't a technological breakthrough like the atom bomb. Killing people with gas was already done in World War one was already done by the Nazis before the beginnings of World War II to the sick. the building of crematoria design of the crematoria hardly a technological breakthrough Technology here rather means something else. It means a kind of mentality. The importance of technology for the show is a mentality and idea that you can separate means from ends that the importance of things is to count them to quantify them not to ask questions about their moral quality. It's to turn everything into a problem of (00:18:52) logistics. (00:18:54) It's the talk in the language of efficiency. Not in the language of goodness. It's the reward people for their quantities not their moral qualities. In that sense technology is very important in the (00:19:07) show up. (00:19:09) You have it in the killing process. You have it in the medical experiments. You have it in the various forms of slave labor and exploitation. Yes technology is important. And its twin is important bureaucracy as hilberg pointed out. Weber the beginning of the century already taught us Max Weber that one of the defining conditions of modernity is bureaucracy. The importance of bureaucracy lies in the fact that you don't have to hate your victims to be a crucial part in their murder. A bureaucrat murders (00:19:45) dispassionately (00:19:48) a bureaucrat murders without feeling without emotion and that's very important. By organizing bureaucratic mess murder, the Nazis were able to utilize all the talents of the continent of Europe for the emulation of the Jewish people lawyers and doctors industrialists police civil servants Railway workers. Everyone could be incorporated because you didn't have to be an anti-semite to be crucially involved. You just had to do your job. The railroad worker who made up the schedule to ship Jews to the concentration camps and the German Republic and then later to the state-run mass factories of death in Poland. Didn't have to hate Jews. He just had to make up Railroad schedules for him. He could have just as easily been shipping bananas as human beings and he figured out the schedules and he went home at night and kissed his wife and children. And every Jew went to the chambers was paid for third class group rate half of that for children. No emotion involved and no more responsibility. No question other than to do your job. The bureaucrat who stamped the passports got an order today, you can let the Jews go west and so they left Germany and Austria until the War Began. The next notice came and said Jews only go to the east. And so they stamped only to the east they didn't hate use more the next day than they had the previous day, but they condemned them to death gasps bureaucracy is important. Just doing your job in personally. all the so-called Jewish experts in the Jewish Ministries The lawyers who defined racial law the Nuremberg Laws the economic experts who disenfranchise the Jews from the economy the university experts like Heidegger who Justified the Aryan ization of the University's Carl Gustav Jung who Justified what he called the area notion of psychoanalysis the freed of it's Freudian Jewish elements, Nobel Prize winners in physics who talked about ridding German science of Jewish physics meaning Einstein, thankfully otherwise, they would have built the bomb. The fact is that all these bureaucrats were important. Yes, and those who emphasize technology and bureaucracy of taught us a great deal. But I would put it to you that they are not the key issues. They're not the key issues because first of all Most of the murder with regard to technology was very unsophisticated a million to a million are people killed by einsatzgruppen who came up to them and shot them in the head or shot them in the Sardine like pits would they were put layer upon layer murdered with a profound and Russia and Eastern Europe? Nothing sophisticated about asphyxiating people was icon gas. But even more importantly because you and I know we just think about it for a minute that there's more technology and bureaucracy in the United States today than ever existed in 1943 or four or five in Germany, but we don't have death camps. We don't have mass violence of that kind why because the key is to understand the technology and bureaucracy are always servants. They are not Masters. There are Servants of something else. They are Servants of human. Will they are Servants of ideas. They are Servants of idealogy now here we start to enter into a serious discussion. It illogical factors are of decisive importance in this discussion. There are those who have recognized that there was a school already in the 50s made most famous by Hannah Arendt in her book on the origin of totalitarianism. That talked about a special kind of politics totalitarian politics. That has been much criticized by Scholars. And the reason without going into the tail is because it was too broad and ocean. Russia was totalitarian Mussolini was a totalitarian fascist. Germany was totalitarian Spain under Franco was totalitarian. But all you have to do is know something about the comparative history to know that that can't be right. because for example Mussolini the first fascist the man who Hitler looked up to (00:24:47) initially (00:24:49) had 45,000 Jews in Italy and didn't murder any of them essentially. 38,000 out of 45,000 Italian Jews survived the war the six or seven thousand who died died only at the end after the fall of the Mussolini regime when the SS coming directly dominate Italian life. You might say nothing works in Italy including anti-semitism. The fact is that Franco though. Another Ally of the fuhrer save Jews who came across the border to Spain and he Jus could make it into Spain was saved and approximately 30,000 or so Jews survived because Franco allowed them to survive. That is to say totalitarianism is an important notion, but it's not really what explains our issue. However, we can learn from it and notion that the talat are in politics means a politics where there is no competition in the state. In that sense. The notion is useful. The state's sucks up to itself gobbles up controls all of the Power. Unlike for example a familiar example in the United States that we all know will we have competing centers of power we have the president and the president has his (00:26:12) wife. (00:26:16) We have a supreme court. We have the Congress and even they are of course it's fractured and now we have newt. We have industry. We have the military. We have universities. We have schools. We have churches. We have the press press is of course complicated. They're the only institution which by definition is ignorant of the things they write about. That's really the definition one day. It's Cambodia one day, it's Bosnia. They do nothing about it, but they write with great pontifical certainty about it, but it's a very important source of power. And so you have all of these diverse institutions in Germany that disappeared everything was incorporated as it was said unified and that should not be underestimated. But I put it to you that it's not totalitarianism yet. That gives us the answer we need there was a special principal in Germany that did not exist in Soviet Russia despite the cult of Stalin that grew in the 30s. The never existed in Franco's Spain or Mussolini's Italy despite their efforts. There was a special principle at work in Nazi. Germany called the fuhrer princip want to stress not the fuhrer but the fewer principle the principle of the fuhrer. In Nazi jurisprudence, Nazi law Nazi political Theory and there was such things there grew up the notion that the fuhrer as a principal the institution of the fuhrer. The nature of being the fuhrer resides in a special circumstance. (00:28:01) The (00:28:02) fuhrer transcends all positive law no restriction applies to him. No, historical precedent binds him no model taboo limits him. That's what it meant to be the fuhrer by definition. But what was it that the fuhrer understood that gave him such extraordinary wisdom that justify this Transcendence of positive law. The answer was ladies and gentlemen that it was believed that the fuhrer had discerned with a special kind of intuition the fundamental Rules by which not only men and women take on the shape. We have some having blue eyes and some having brown eyes. I'm having dark skin others light skin brown hair and black hair and gray hair, but he had discerned. the reason why Rises and falls in the nature of civilization occur why Nations come into being and pass away why the world takes the course it does and here we have to enter into a special kind of conversation you and I here we have to talk about a subject much misunderstood trivialised. The subject of course is racism. Now usually racism means biology. That's the kind of thing that's said about why certain people have certain color in their hair or their eyes or their skin? But he erases them doesn't mean just that or even primarily that. for Hitler and it's a somewhat difficult. I did a grasp of first race is the form races the channel races the conduit the mechanism by which metaphysical values like good and evil Beauty civility kindness her chew patriotism creativity make themselves present in the world. In other words Hitler held of you. Which would have been known in the history of religions is a manichean view that there were two kinds of powers in the world powers of God and powers of evil. But unlike the ancient manicheans Hitler felt that those were present in our world and real people and real civilizations. And how did they get there? They got there through the mystery of blood through the mystery of race. He you see race is a form of metaphysics. Now according to this racial Theory this metaphysical racial Theory the Aryans not because they chose it but by an accident of cosmic sought were virtuous. Not only did they have the necessary Long Heads, which were more beautiful and blond but in those Long Heads went very profound and wonderful ideas Germans Aryans North Europeans were kind and generous and loving they were sensitive and creative. They were patriotic and loyal. All the good things that one could be were in those heads determined by their bloodlines by their genetic inheritance by their Good Fortune. Conversely there were the Jews the Jews had Roundheads by definition. And in those round heads went around very ugly things. Not because the Jews wanted them to be that way, but they could not help it any more than the area and chose to be the hero. The Jew by definition was not only to be ugly but criminal disloyal Cosmopolitan meaning not loyal to the state a parasite on culture on Creative sexually licentious economically exploitative. revolutionary and so the world now. In the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century because of Jewish emancipation of having allowed the Jews out of the ghetto confronted the Menace directly either the European Aryan people's would defend themselves or they would be overcome. In the name of Their Own Self Protection Hitler said they have to defend themselves from the onslaught of this- cosmic presence. It was that notion of the Jew as pollution literally as lice as Vermin as excrement as cancer not as a metaphor, literally. That justified this assault against Jewish men women and (00:33:02) children. (00:33:06) If you really want to understand this. If you want to understand what this means you have to look both at the numbers of people who were killed, of course that was its final climax, but also was a way in to look into the Heart of Darkness. To look actually at what happened to Jews while they remained alive in the death camps. To understand the full meaning of this process. To understand the singularity of what (00:33:36) happened to you. (00:33:40) The whole purpose was not only to murder Jews but to dehumanize them. Not only to annihilate them but to separate them from the rest of the Human family. To show that the notion of the universe of obligation that binds men and women together irrespective of their color or religion or Creed did not apply here. To invert all the values of historical civilization where it applies to the Jew and to make them an outcast. The justify their Murder By reducing them to in human beings and therefore their murder could hardly be a human crime. If after all you could show that they lived that they acted that they represented in their person pollution and filth then their Annihilation could hardly be the great crime against humanity. And one has then to consider what happened here. the whole plan died stress plan process of Cruelty and dehumanization Not that there was not contingency one. Never knew when one would die that was part of the plan those of you today. So Schindler's List, so a good shooting From a Balcony. You never knew when you would die. There was no right way to survive life was so precarious meaningless. Kafka's universe. Quantified Consider the Jew comes off the train. We traveled and she traveled and children traveled sometimes for weeks coming from places like roads and Salonika. One of the distinguishing features of the death camp process. The murdered came to the murderers in human history. It's usually Ami the murderer is a go out to murder. Here are all the victims are brought to the murderers. Be more efficient. And they get off the trains. And they immediately smell the burning of Flesh that went on day and night in the crema Toria. And the air was full of sort of human remains. And the dogs barked and the Capo screamed rouse out and they left. And they would immediately be divided by men and women by sex. Never again. Would they be normal human beings even if they survived? the notion of a normal life of family of connection of Love of affection all now to be denied If the chambers were open, they would immediately be emulated in the chambers. If not, they would survive. to be the Living Dead and then all kinds of curious things happen. They'd be giving those clogs to wear those wooden clogs, but never to that fit. So that every step would be painful and they would know that they're not ordinarily human beings. They would never again have names but numbers unlike ordinary prison environments where the number goes on the shirt because someday you'll be able to take the shirt off and cash it in and become a free man again. The Jews would never again be human beings. They would only be a number and the only for a short time when you look at the numbers on people's arms that you see on occasion of survivors. Almost never do you see a low number because the earlier Ivy's never made it. There would be no sexuality No Ordinary links no relation to the outside world. None of the ordinary expectations of (00:37:35) relationship. (00:37:40) Instead there would be sport maken curious notion making sport. For years, you would be destroying a people but the Nazis knew very well that that could be boring killing millions could be boring. And so they permitted I stress permitted the gods the privilege of making Sport with Jews. for example Everyone was sick with dysentery. Everyone was sick with stomach troubles. But they would stop you force you to do sit-ups or push-ups and if you fouled yourself, which you could not but do you might be beaten to death? That was sport Malkin? Jewish children could be thrown in the air and shot at sometimes shot at while the children of the commandant stood there and say I'll do it again Daddy do it again and he did. Sport maken where women could be raped as happened at Auschwitz from third-floor Windows then thrown to their death sport maken. For planned as part of the purposeful denial of the humanity of the victim. Here you have a situation where all the normal taboos of humankind have been broken. The Red Cross deliver zyklon B gas to murder the Red Cross fans. Arbeit macht Frei work will make you free over the camp entrance at Auschwitz and of course a (00:39:23) lie. (00:39:26) Whereas work always keeps you alive and slavery here. It doesn't mean anything at all. You're meant to die given the food made available in 90 days. That was the official figure. There's a story told of a commandant who came to an inspection found that you said them. How long have you been here said six months the reply was you've been cheating. Either you're not working enough or you're eating too much. You're cheating. You should be dead. You should have been ashes already. You have bands that play while a people are being exterminated some of you know, my story perhaps of funny Afeni Lawns biography. She was a member of the orchestra the played as people walk to the chambers. You have Physicians and one of the deepest Corruptions of the whole episode Physicians. Who in conversion of the traditional notion of the physician? To May kill people well take well people and make them ill especially children. And the name of Mengele willful many of you conjure the image that is necessary. All an inversion of everything history has taught us. It was worth your life. Not the foul yourself, the Striped Pajamas were fetid and filthy and lice-ridden, but people had to stand for hours in the role calls. Everybody had to be accounted for and have some Capo couldn't count or there was a sadistic God. It has to be repeated hours at a time. And work went on for more on tonight. You are not allowed to use the facilities. And so the end of the day you went to the facilities. During the day if it was possible, you would wrap a piece of string around your pajamas literally walk around all day with filth. And at night you would go to the latrines just think what it was like in a Polish winter the rain the snow the cold the disease the weakness of the people and they would crush for these latrines but there was a rule at some if someone fell in they were not allowed to be helped out. That was the apotheosis people will literally excrement. And if they survived all of this then they became Muslim on the Germans had this term for the Living Dead who had lost all their Humanity Perfection. There was surely not human all they did was eat that anything to stay alive to eat. They call them Muslim because they thought Muslims will like that. What's Oman? The whole system to debase the dehumanize destroy without limit. But then the perversion now reaches its really deep level. While the Jew was alive. He has no value. Continually the commandant of the ghetto say can't we keep our Jews they're producing the most valuable things. We need for the very model for the lift top luftwaffe. The Ed of the order comes back from Iceland from Himmler for Mom for their headquarters. Nothing can keep the Jew alive if the chain trains are available. The gas Chambers are open they must die. This at a time when the Nazis are literally breeding people because they don't have enough young men. Sponsored by the SS to fornicate with young Aryan women and Himmler becomes their official Godfather just for the purpose of having more bodies. The SS sends out special units at the Eastern Europe looking for blondes and blonde children on the assumption that there must have been an Aryan Milkman that made the rounds. At the very same time every Jew Must Die totally diss utilitarian. Totally irrational in the sense of economic rationality, but that's because this is a war not of an economic kind or rational kind or warm Nation against Nation or warfel land or territory or the normal reasons. This is a metaphysical War. Ultimately the real war is not the war against the Allies are the Russians. It's against the Jews. That's the real war because that's the race war. That's the metaphysical War. That's the conflict that really defines and decides the fate of civilization. And then you get to the final Point while alive Jews are valueless excrement a problem of refuse disposal as Franz stangl. The head of the commandant of Treblinka said not a human problem not a moral problem. But in death then they become valuable astonishing then their hair is useful for blankets. Then the ill-fated terrible fate that befell those Jews who became Xander Commandos special common in the woods would go in and pull out their gold teeth. Then their private parts would be searched on the assumption that all the Jews must have well hidden away somewhere. Then if they had some special mark on their body. They would be tone of their skin Sean of the mark of the tattoo of the special bump to become a lampshade for an SS wipes officer. yes, SS wives traded prided themselves on such collections experiments with other forms of Jewish remains even in death there was no dignity to be allowed the really struck. I came across the campus tonight and I saw Antigone is being played. So ironic of all plays that we put on during youma show Antigone. Remember the story of Integrity comes to mind immediately and take it he's willing to fight Creon and the state. To allow a brother who was an enemy of the state. A decent burial because in death, there is no more hatred. They mortuous of the Dead. We don't speak ill. Even primitive peoples when they kill their victim eat them drink their blood as a sign of respect because they have strength and they want to take their strength so they drink their (00:46:04) blood. (00:46:07) Antigone the great heroine of Western Civilization, who knows what natural justices will not allow it to be trampled. I really must thank the students for organizing Antigone while I was walking across the campus tonight. The fact is that here in the show are there is no dignity all the taboos even in death all the normal restraint as gone. All the limits are unknown. It's this that marks the singularity of the Shoah not the number of victims only or even primarily but this unprecedented assault against the humanity of the victim the unlimited nature of the insole the purposeful dehumanization the radical effort to destroy all semblance of humanity of the human vistage of the shared image. The idea that we're all children of the one God, that's what mocks out the show up this continual over inversion of all norms. moral Norms ethical Norms political norms That's what the show are represents. A maximum kind of effort without any limit where the etiology only justifies death striking that Nazism. There is nothing positive only death. Everything is death in the end of Nazism. And here you see it in its most compelling and important manifestation. When one understands this that's assault against Jewish dignity against Jewish personhood against the human image as it manifests itself in the Jew then you begin to understand what the show off is. You also understand that you have to rethink all kinds of issues like the issues of resistance what did resistance mean by Jews and others questions of collaboration questions of international groups questions of the church questions of morality, but it's here when one meditates on this special issue of murder without dignity for the victim total and complete destruction genocide true and complete and total genocide of every man woman and child. I am the one thought. In all the other cases that I know of mass death. Including the Mass staff that we read about in our (00:48:31) newspapers. (00:48:34) The Ultimate Enemy is a male adult. You kill the male adult. He's the potential Army. Terrible things will happen to women and children and they do women will be enslaved for their sexual abilities. They will be enslaved because they can be worked. They can be taking it to harems that can be taken into kitchens children will be adopted forced into families that they don't know, but they won't be murdered. You see this repeatedly and if there were time we could talk about it in detail, but here's something remarkable happens with this issue an inversion that I've talked about this lack of mediation this absence of any historic limit Mara limit in the Shoah. The ultimate criminal is not the adult male Judo he of course Must Die. But more criminal more dangerous more threatening is a Jewish woman. Why because she carries the genetic code. She makes it possible for the Jewish people to continue and if you want to understand what happens here that special walk at the fate of Jewish Women, But even more remarkable the Ultimate Enemy is the Jewish child or even more the Jewish fetus. Because that child that fetus would really undo the whole project if one Jewish child survives to reproduce the whole damn rancid project of genocide comes unstuck. And so every child must be murdered every fetus destroyed every pregnant woman identified as pregnant immediately mocked out for the gas Chambers. a million children (00:50:25) killed (00:50:27) as an act of Aryan morality without regard to converting them limiting them enslaving them employing them because their racial inheritance must be annihilated. That's the ultimate perversion the murder of the children. And that you have no precedent for I'm prepared to say anywhere in history where women and children and fetuses are the Ultimate Enemy. And therefore ladies and gentlemen here you confront very complicated issues that really indicate why I'm prepared to say that of all the historical events of equal moral magnitude immorality despoliation and violence. This one has a structure in a form that does make it singular and without precedent. Thank you very much.