For a few minutes after Bill Rogers described to me his plan for a conference on the liver will send it to you. I thought I smell belts any Strikes Back at Sunbelt. But in terms of the North Minneapolis hardly exhibits Arctic much less circumpolar characteristics. It is a lower Northern City. Down here on the 45th parallel. We are in the company of such cities as Ottawa and Montreal and board up. And the City of roses, Portland, Oregon. Brother up here the 60th parallel we find said he's like Bergen. Where the citizen say, it's a good year when summer comes on a weekend. Helsinki Leningrad the capital of Siberia 65th parallel we find settings like gnome in Fairbanks, Alaska reckovic Tanya. or at the top of the Baltic so what's wrong with peas potatoes and ribeye goes in this land of the Green Giant? Are delicious strawberries raspberries and currents that can't be grown for their self? Not to mention the impressive variety of evergreen trees shrubs of all sorts and the distinctive Maples as and Linden. This vegetation has a window as well as a summary character that we should make the most of it. the problem faced by the Lord Northern cities has been greatly Complicated by Auto and Truck traffic. The individual may have gained Comfort inconvenience. The public environment has not. Mother North where's knows days after it falls, it can be rolled down or sculpted into a Fairly reliable part of the urban environment. If you, it has been estimated that snow highways can be built over the tundra for $200 per mile. In the winter War 1939 the ice Road between Helsinki and Pat's Amo. Trucks were hundreds of miles over Land and Lakes. Within the memory of many snow was not scraped away or removed with chemicals or salt but smooth and used as a traffic bet. each successive snowfall in many parts of the North I'm almost daily increment powdered and refreshed the snowpack under these circumstances that when we said he at least look clean and it was possible to think of sleigh bells and steaming horses if not reindeer. Our present circumstances for a variety of reasons including the urban heat island. snow removal practices and the increasing pollution mode I produced a dark and dirty Urban scene for much of the winter season. Slushy roadways necessitating overshoes rather than mukluks heavily moving traffic something between Seasons rather than a crisp winter character. We have to do this is obscure. But it may be the same as for urban visual letter. To attack the problem rather than to add to it with touches of a synthetic chair that only complicate the situation. Would more snow be better. Perhaps we need snow machines in the winter instead of the other dollars on the ski slope Zone the city in the snow and non snow districts. At this season of the year in particular, I think driving around Minneapolis this morning. I was impressed with the beauty. Of the parks where the snow still remain. By contrast to the other parts of the city from which it has disappeared. When people travel to Aspen or Vermont? There must be money in snow. Must we have mountains to make snow play Ice Hockey ski touring curling ice boating are just some of the winter sports that demand a flat surface. passport rewards innovation hot dog that was Indiana Winters must have been before basketball. the perfect example of a deliberately invented game in 1891 James Naismith attended a lecture at the Plainfield, Massachusetts YMCA I've heard a lecture on psychology proposed the example of a game with its limitations and Necessities to illustrate the process of invention. That same night Naismith work. Basketball as an ideal game to meet this hypothetical case and the next day. It was put into practice. True YMCA. Is it rapidly spread Nationwide? This unique Institutes of invention by a single brain at one sitting can be cited as the evidence for what happens when a problem receives a challenging formulation. If Minneapolis is not a way here City perhaps this conference will make it one. Skip a level in his head. He is as I suspect. We would do well to remember that before it was a winter City of Minneapolis was a summer City. It's lakes and Parks established the city's character long before anyone began to wonder and worry about winter. This character and courage the creation of the notable Park system that has been the city's Chief design distinction. Fiery affirmation of this system the spark system after the 1971 review. Would be a good place for us to start thinking about what further can be done today. Close as a resource for winter Sport and events. And it's lineal porm as a movement system. boys ski touring window jogging trails and activity great potentials in terms of the man-made environment and in more recent times How's your plastic show up on the urban world's imagination? I'd like Nicollet Mall. In an age that is conscious of pedestrians. It is achieved design excellence. It does not overwhelmed with this commercialism. No one has started using it for advertising yet. It is Rich settings. You're an urban scale. But is it what we would build today? Shouldn't be replicated by other city. Does it make it stronger contribution to Urban revitalization? The mall and this guy wait on I jumped to the downtown shopping world. But they go dead at night on the weekend. it made me feel needs of the present downtown area, but it raises the question whether the city center is something more than shopping and office building and if so, it was a question that this contract is considered. Emily Winters said he is a livable City if it's good in the winter, and if it's good, it's good. This is a matter of addressing the fundamental of jobs health or housing. Mickey said his lovable is not the end product. But the product process of making it as well. It is a prime example or could be bringing jobs to people Urban reinvestment. Other conference keynote perhaps things are good punts. But this is not a debate. Cities must be livable. Yes, but within constraints it energy Land & Investment resources. This is not just a physical environmental problem. But a people problem what I'm psychology of human behavior. It is also relative to said he's farther north to the current world of endless Global tourism travel and opportunity and the immunity orientation. It is generated. I think it's his conferences to have practical results. Its proposals are probably going to be stated in terms of Urban Design. This is a matter of the final product of what is built. What will stand on their influence the way people live the quality of their life as well as the quality of their environment? But getting to that final product is a matter of the processes of Urban Design level. Where it has been calculated that's on 140 separate actions and decisions have to be orchestrated integrated and directed. Some of the best Urban Design Concepts have stayed right there on the drafting board, or I've been sent back to the drafting board because said he's had no way to build them. There are veterans with that you experience with us here at this conference and I hope we will learn from them. Unless we do they will be practical significance that emerges from our work here. Urban environmental design dust requires administrative capacity If you expect to build the green way to create a weatherproof transportation system for pedestrians to humanize a group of commercial corporate or government has to be supported by the organized powers of local government. And let's face it. No American city today is able to focus its resources to achieve Urban Design objectives. There is no way they can look at the quality of the urban and Vine. There are many reasons for this fragmentation many of them the results of a state or federal intervention and support program. But until they are recognized I'm dealt with effectively designers will continue to be frustrated and the Republic clients Heidi's benefits. The power is going to Sunny in Philadelphia and its reform Charter 30 years ago provided public participation in the planning process mandatory review of Capital Improvements by the planning agency preparation of the capital budget in the Planning Commission. They produced an important leadership role a public interest in Urban Design and high-level support but impressive series of Reform there. Who can we have had the example of Dallas which is going farther than Municipal organization, but because of the long lead time required in building work still Alexa disability. Not today, it probably has to be taken as the model, but it has to be taken on faith rather than because of his performance to date. Please be more specific about what is needed. Before we going to dress with reasonable Precision. The Love of All That is we have to Define more closely. Just what makes the weather has any different from other City. Cold the dark the snow as it's been suggested in the conference program. Is it Transportation or communication differences? Is it the higher cross the public or Environmental Services? How should the environment of the livable winter City be expressed in Housing Community Development the work environment Central business district in transportation and communication and its water and sewer system or other environmental Arrangements. Music of these factors. We need to ask specific questions about the weather conditions that make this a distinctive environment. Have we had technology appropriate to these conditions making the most of them eating their specific requirements? Or are we using standardized designs and solutions developed Elsewhere for other and different conditions? Does a livable when Hussein have different standards for recreation for room sizes and housing for the design of Expressway ramps or other details? Do we need to take the conception of city parks indoors? as in the basket with her Club in Winnipeg Stockholm is almost entirely certain all by Central District hate it but many Northern cities in America have had such a system for decades Oak Park, Illinois for nearly half a century. How should this experience. Valuated in terms of energy conservation today or today is hard cost of fuel. Please no golf Sunbelt question is not a matter of longitude or a climate. It is a question of people. It must be looked at in terms of social fluidity of migration if we were to strike a blow against total social fluidity people with no roots at all. It must be here. Let it be here that we have certain values of stability continuity or more Generations Family. community life and established institutions Heritage and patrimony the past Andy Serkis Valley was against the ruthless Dusty sprawling cultural aridity and the inadequate public services that are generally found in the more Southern regions. house has endowed us here with great institution University is Medical Services in Harriman architecture in great Parks Library Symphony Orchestra Museum the investment of generations in the good life I wish it was on these Foundation. A Renewed Vigor today characterizes Northern studies when I first became interested in this area as consultant to the Canadian Department of State on a national museum of Canada. It was dominated by the Arctic Institute of North America. I'm over mostly geologists and geographers concerned with the thrilling and chilling pursuit of rare mosses in glacial ice. Not even the Greenhouse Effect and the threat of the melting polar ice cap achieved much recognition during the peak. I World environmental interest that climaxed in Earth. And the United Nations Stockholm conference on the environment. b u m habitat meeting ignore the urbanization of the developing North location of the UN environmental and habitat programs in Nairobi International interest by the developing countries of large leaf tropical character. But let me add that run in 1974. I proposed A specialized proprietary conference on Northern Urban Development as part of the UN habitat program. I was assured by one Scandinavian country that his government considered the subject of no International interest. Perhaps we could all together sufficient definition today at this meeting. A different view might be found. Northern resources transportation and defense considerations have today stimulated National bilateral and Regional interest in the problems of Northern development in organization. Empress interest in Exploration research and technological development is very evident. New institutions have appeared in the very recent years that expressed disinterest. The Institute of Northern studies at Wolcott Vermont the Saturday too dark and Powerless the University of Alaska is man in the north program the Scot Pollard trust in Cambridge England are represented the developments of this more recent. Urban Development in the north is characterized by the northern Swedish town of kiruna. Is that a stainless steel production? The Northern Quebec settlement of Fairmont at Key Center of iron ore production. the emerging new capital city of Alaska near Willow just north of Fairbanks I'll try north of the transportation defense and resource Metropolis of Anchorage. or any one of the scores of the Soviet Northern settlements from these developments important new Urban Technologies and development strategies are emerging. We must look to this body of experience not simply as it relates to snow ice and cold but as it deals with more Universal problems in arid climates. An isolated location or as parts of larger Urban system. a specialized agency like the u.s. Geological Survey kind of cord to focus narrowly on a single problem. Such as permafrost Construction in the larger concerns of Urban Development and design must embrace the broader field of Urban Ecology. Metropolitan planning human biology and feels equal complexity Here we are the frontiers of human knowledge. Urban Ecology is hardly more than a concept. Get one that can be translated into the economic environmental trade-offs in urban area. Human biology knows relatively little about the human body its health and life expectancy. Nor do we know much about the Earth instructions to which Northern populations are exposed. We have a technology, but we also have major areas of deficiency in our knowledge. In terms of broad Urban strategies Northern cities can move into well-defined Direction. They can take as a model the nuclear submarine. That stay submerged for months at a time. Or the spacecraft totally separated from the Earth. I've been this fashems drive for wholly independent detached self-contained environment. Lungs that disposes of all human waste and pollution is everybody logical and psychological requirement. What alternative they can develop the model of an urban settlement that is highly integrated with the surrounding environment The dimensions of sex development and its feasibility are suggested by a visit to popular parks. Thermal clothing snowmobiles winter camping equipment are only a part of it. Buy half track vehicles aircraft mobile homes in the larger Technologies in North is being conquered or at least changed in more fundamental. What is Has between these two Alternatives the self-contained environment on the integrated environment. I believe we must accept with her and its Associated conditions as a fact of life. Accommodate ourselves to it adjust and adapt our Affairs at our building environments to it for too long. In the process, of course, we have become Northerners. different people because of these Regional adaptation an obvious and subtle way are cities and their buildings look different because of the climate. The long Northern dongs and Twilight's with a flat Shadows slanting rays of the Sun and purple Skies effect. The design of buildings provide special forms of shelter from winds and drifting snow to keep the snow as insulation or shut it where it will do the least harm. porches on clothes with plastic and houses Bank around their Foundation Quality stimulate him to consider such Alternatives practical experience suggests that we are moving in both directions. Institutional Drive Scarborough College the University of Lethbridge or shopping and Civic centers in many places provide innumerable illustrations of self-contained environment. mini complete with music hanging baskets of artificial plants and juvenile misbehavior or Suburban Station on the Stockholm Transit line It is absolutely clear that we have not resolved. The human problems of such designs. It was at this point that the search for a livable, but he said he recognizes that it is not ergonomics or utilidors but people living in artificial environments in circle juxtapositions with each other. Generally have high population densities stress that are at the heart of the matter. This is a universal dilemma and we would do well to address it in global terms. I think Minneapolis best identifies with the Scandinavian cities, especially Stockholm, but also was TRON time and the older cities of the West Coast of Scandinavia. Bear Country in design has more to teach. Than any other City. in modern times the USSR Has produced a vast significant laboratory in the more than a hundred Northern settlements that have been built. Their initial big plans for New Towns were carefully drawn and widely advertised. And they were supported by the not in considerable powers of the Soviet state over employment on the migration of population. I turn over a 100 to 200% a year in the population of these towns has proved as intractable as putting a ceiling on the growth of the city of Moscow. Nothing less than a recycler of all of these town now in progress will suffice to produce more humanely acceptable settlements. And this is taking the form so far of a step backwards. Many of these Northern settlements are now being treated as we treat construction camps. They are inhabited largely by men. Who periodically are given leave to join their families father yourself? This is an environmental cop out a less gold-plated version of the Alaska pattern where intensive Northern laborers alternate with brief periods in Hawaii or Southern, California. I will assert that enough progress has been made in the mobilization of design resources in architecture landscape architecture. I'm not progress. It was probably just talkin about something as real as it is important. It has been sufficiently demonstrated that environment influences behavior that it affects people's attitudes toward their environment and their relations with each other. We are able to Define levels of Environmental Quality when we speak about the liver. What would he said eat? We were talking about Concepts that can be grasped and understood that can be formulated in terms of design that can be tested and that can be executed. And that has to be kept in mind when the claim is Advanced that we know how to harness solutions to Urban environmental problems to money that is going to be spent. Anyhow. we don't have to read further than the annual reports of the federal Council for Environmental Quality to demonstrate that whatever one thinks of the current policies of the Department of Housing and Urban Development that agencies annual Design Awards to show that a state-of-the-art exists. That it has obtained official recognition and encouragement that it is researchable. What the HUD programs have produced is a mediocre design as a chant only mediocre results does not mean that was priority is broader than those currently oriented exclusively to the distress. This Record cannot be substantially improved. What's the present situation strongly suggest the initiative will have to come from elsewhere then in Washington? operation for this conference I had some exciting exchanges with the number of individuals, but particularly one with Robert Anderson of the Canadian Central Mortgage and housing Corporation. And he is summarize the important Canadian experience with Northern Urban Development in a paragraph that I would like to quote in its entirety. the initiative belongs to the city In cases where attempts at centralized Solutions had been perceived by Central Authority and their implementation of attempted. Such as frobisher Bay or Resolute Bay in the Arctic has resulted. Your mother cases such as that leaf Rapids in Manitoba on Fairmont in Quebec where resources beyond the scope of the local region. We needed to create a new community the result in one case by the provincial government and in the other by private Enterprise are there to be seen and judged? Find the degree of their success might be an important subject for consideration at the livable City conference. Here we go. The end product of the northern Urban environment and the process by which it can be created and raised in a single thought. The cities we know including Minneapolis. It had 10,000 years of Urban Development. That was moved from south to North especially in the years since the Renaissance. The wide boulevards Civic spaces Monumental buildings and focal points that were characteristic of the city beautiful movement. Which left one of his most decisive imprints on your City of Minneapolis? How do I add rooms in the Mediterranean? The significance of these Origins to The Lovable Whittier City has received a little critical analysis. Give me one population with a sup to reproduce the opposite of that Charming land complete with their thumb. In the pages of the London brick builder at 18561 can read a cautionary response that is equally applicable to death. Better than a memorial Fountain given the realities of the British climate. We should create an eternal flame. Even everywhere is called architectural Esperanto. In the struggle to find a universal language the international style in architecture with ignored a lot of things the original reality. How many pound does the Greeks said when the gods wish to punish us? They answer our prayer? Urban environments are what we have made them. Let me call Escape Urban reality environmental reality. It seems the first conclusion to draw from this experience. That we have the ability and Agility to adapt to environment is the second. That intelligence imagination and creative art will lead us to the best adaptation is the third. I may also conclude that creating synthetic environments both postpones the ultimate Reckoning and cripples the human ability to grow throughout a patient. And this is the wisdom of running to do books. Interventional pain in terms of what I thought up as a wired Civic in which telecommunications provide an informational Network that substitutes for transportation. Person-to-person relationships can be replaced by television images electronically transmitted data and the resource of modern technology drawn upon to create an altogether new form of urban life. The Advent of cable television thinking it's an important research activity. And it was sufficient to establish that the state-of-the-art could be applied to you graduate Municipal efficiency. improve educational scope and service and some other specific benefits the New Towns such as Reston Virginia in Columbia, Maryland specific applications were developed to show how are affected by the I reviewed much of this material in 30 major Studies by the Rand Corporation for National Science Foundation the Mitre Corporation the urban Communications Group and other public and private organization. About all I conclude conclude is it to put it out it ends? Is insufficient to provide a conclusive demonstration of how cable TV and other applications. What is that the form of cities much as it does suggest for the development? The word said he is still a viable concept that should be considered seriously by anyone interested in The Lovable letter City. And I'm very glad to find it looking at my manuscript, but I had written it The Lovable what you said? In terms of social planning the window said he will be relatively dense and compact. It should maximize face-to-face contact and promote social cohesion. Get your brother round-the-clock urban life, especially in public in garden. What does informed that institutions will promote such an urban life? We should investigate this during this conference. Is a periodical I suggested it would be against the long and mainly Southern historical background. I have indicated and as my friend Robert Anderson of the Canadian Central Mortgage and housing Corporation has pointed out because the cities we have were developed in a unique. Of cheap land cheap energy and an unrealized cost. Call Municipal services that is made it possible to overcome environmental conflicts with the southern Urban model by Brute Force techniques. It is unlikely. We can continue to pay the cost of these techniques in the future. With a greater appreciation at awareness of ecology and environmental impacts a special burden has been imposed on Northern cities in their transportation and energy Arrangements. In the short run this probably will have an adverse effect on the Region's growth. But northern settlement cannot be restrained and technological development is on its side. So perhaps not for another 20 years or so. At least we do not have those exorbitant costs for air conditioning. Cities in what I described as Zone one will respond to the development in the Arctic North just as a rising tide lifts all boats. Not only does that studies provide the natural basis for Northern expansion. They also share. Other woman has detail as well as broad strokes and its design. What should we consider at the domestics game? Improving the welcoming cheerful appearance of our homes and other buildings need not be reserved for the Christmas season or take that commercialized appearance. Elizabeth travel poster of Dublin doorways around Fitzroy square that seems to strike the right note. I think I'm feeling where the Advent a winner is announced by City dwellers returning from the country with pine though is that it turned into a green door mat. The brushes the snow from the feet and 9 inches to last most of the weather. Such touches are useful reminders of the human bones of the city the togetherness that weather conditions promote. This human closeness is more than early brought home to me on every trip to the north. Against the severe climate human cooperation becomes a spontaneous imperative. A mechanical breakdown of a half track Bombardier snowmobile is a life-threatening situation demanding and receiving Community priority. The Wayfarer is sheltered without question. How old is the actor with your life that supports the health and vigor of the northern population? We should not neglect the indoor environment. The best cure for Cabin Fever may still be going out. But increasingly We are Becoming aware of carbon monoxide particulate Asbestos and other pollutants in houses and other buildings are in months as well as the importance of the correct humidity. Livable City must look to the Arts. Metro Bar Windows Ledger, it's not in concert Halls museums Galleries and other places of culture and entertainment. Give me artistic imagination are born many of the most useful individual and social adaptations to the climate. Most important is the role of the Arts in the celebration of life in the city. I can never use the word celebration in an urban context without thinking of a dear friend the serigraph artists and art education philosopher Sister Mary corita. Or corita Kent and she is now known since she kicked the habit and moved her life and Studio from Hollywood, California to Boston. At Immaculate Heart college, she raised the Arts to the level of a popular, no celebration in banners and pageants in the popular forms of silkscreen prints for the social forms of Mosaic and translated them into an activity in which all could share. But the animating and invigorating element was always celebration of The Human Condition the unique problems of the Arts. I'd like to probably imagination further. computer literature Does frost etched Siberian winter scenes in Doctor Zhivago was no plastered trains filmed. In fact on the Manitoba Prairie? Not much north of here or powerful visual statement. Even more than the snowpack streets of 19-9 petrograd this image of the Endless steps cannot be erased. What the film provides as an immediate damage is deep end by Pastor Max novel itself. I'm Angeles classic of love in the northern climate. Those who doubt the effect of environment on character they considered wh auden's poem goodbye to the which concludes. If I try to go Southern we spoil in no time we go flabby gingerly lecherous. Perhaps the greatest visual theme for the winter city is the oldest. In the north sagas, perhaps more in Beowulf one finds both the architectural formula and the psychological adaptation to the environment. Call Red Gold is the advice they get. Gold is the color of the banqueting Halls. Go to Echo the living flames of the Heart Gold reflected in the polished steel of armor and shields that hang on the wall. Gold the color of the sun these Northerners worship preserved by Art the year long. The other great theme of the sagas is wool. From the Sheep's back came the tapestry hanging wall rugs of the northern domestic interior and the world and garments that lay between his bare skin and his protective arm. Not to mention, but there is sales of the Viking boats. Engineer of the Viking ship must have been a woman because the first artifact that they found out the first Viking site and Labrador was a needle used to stitch the sales of will. But designing the environment and inventing appropriate Technologies was not the end of the Viking response to the climate. The heroic posture they contrived. Which of the sagas themselves are an expression offer the plunge into the icy water and other equally chilling Behavior as evidence that they were undeterred. Do you think we are not a piece of the sagas or Beowulf there a little bit of snow and ice and much of plunging into midwinter's raging ocean water still armor sword battle axe at all. And what of the built environment in the ninth Century the Golden Age of the Vikings the club of the ruler of soldiers distinguished. Under which great golden Raptors and rough trade the Chamberlain organized. Peace. The opening sections of Beowulf describe the erection of a building that should be the greatest banqueting-hall ever know. In which rock God could a portion to young and old everything that God had entrusted to him with the exception of public lands and human life. tall and wide Gables the Halls Howard overhead here one heard the heartbeat the clear song of The Poetry lady in the creation of man from earliest time. Who is Tim Burton Hall embellished with gold was the cedarcroft are on the most celebrated building in the world who Splendor Blaze the broad over many lands the blessing home of Heroes. The doors were secured by wrought iron bars and the horrible stop knee brace with iron clamps for by skilled Craftsmen Ivory. And even the benches were in laid to go further golden tapestries Greenville on the wall. I don't know. Go to the factory polyshield swords Hamilton consulates all reflecting the Blazing open fire. Go the color of sunlight and living flame reflected everywhere from Mirror polished surfaces is the theme of these great hole. What greater contrast to the northern Darkness the perilous sea the gothic farthest? It was a contrast as great as the honey fellowship with the banquet Gatherings on the lonely dangers of the combat or the hunt. I want for these responses as endearing one have we improved upon them in the north today in place of the banqueting-hall and if I can go over we have the climatic bubbles of Northern settlement, the megastructures the enclosed shopping malls, the educational complex has like the University of Duluth or left bridge. The roots of these environments are more likely to be found in the psychologically oriented synthetic interior design absolute detached from the environment of the Earth. Brian plants where the real ones are plastic or less a constructive response to the northern environment and a pitiful recollection of The Faraway temperate zone. Nor are flickering neon tubes likely to recall the Sun. Those who would discover the secrets of Northern life. Should not settle to the standardized machine produced in environments of the present, but turn to the great ages of the past.